iMPI | Detail

Detailed information

Intron information
iORF IDCHR5:180616994-180618769_ORF_1
Gene nameFLT4
Gene IDENSG00000037280.16
Transcript IDENST00000502649.5;ENST00000393347.7;ENST00000619105.4;ENST00000507059.5;ENST00000514810.1;ENST00000512795.1;ENST00000261937.11
iORF sequence Hide ATGTCAGCCCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGACTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACACACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGACTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGACTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTATTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGTACACCCACGTCCTATTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAACCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTATTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCACTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTATTCCAGAGTACCCTCTCCTGCCACTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTATTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTATTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACATCCTACTCCAGAGCACCCTCTCCTGCTCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCAGAGGACCCTCTCCTGCCCCTCAGCCTCTGGGACACCCACGTCCTACTCCCAGAGCAGTAAATACTGTTGCTCTGTGGGGGCCGGGCACCTGCTGCTTGGCCCTCCACTGCCTGCCTTGTCTGCAGGGCAATTTCCTATTCAGCCTCTGATGACCCAGTCAATCGTAAAACATCTGTGTGAAAATTGTCCCCGAGGTGTCTTCCCTTCCTAA
Peptide
sequence		 MSAPLLPLRLWDTHILLQSTLSCPSASGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPTPEHPLLPLSLWDTHVLLQSTLSCPSDSGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQTLGHPRPTPEHPLLPLSLWDTHILLQSTLSCPSASGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPTPEHPLLPLSLWDTHVLLQSTLSCPSASGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPTPEHPLLPLSLWDTHVLLQSTLSCPSASGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPTPRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPIPEHPLLPLSLWDTHVLLPEHPLLPLSLWDTHILFQSTLSCHSASGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPTPRAPSPAPQPLGHPHPIPEHPLLPLSLWDTHILFQSTLSCPSASGTPTSYSQSTLSCPSASGTPTSYSRAPSPAPQPLGHPRPTPRAPSPAPQPLGHPHPTPEHPLLLLSLWDTHVLLQRTLSCPSASGTPTSYSQSSKYCCSVGAGHLLLGPPLPALSAGQFPIQPLMTQSIVKHLCENCPRGVFPS
Intron
position		chr5:180616994-180618769

Coding evidence
Unique
sequence		MSAPLLPLR
Start1
End9
MS counts1

Subcellular location
Protein located outside the cell membrane(s).Secreted The extracellular space is the space outside of the cell membrane but part of a multicellular organism. The term is typically used for a secreted protein that remains associated with the cell, e.g. as part of the extracellular matrix. It is not used for a protein that is secreted into the blood stream (or other body fluids) of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, such as insulin or fibroblast growth factors.Extracellular space The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vague term used to refer to all the material surrounding cells in a multicellular organism, except circulating fluids such as blood or lymph. In some cases, the ECM accounts for more of the organism's bulk than its cells. In plants, arthropods and fungi the ECM is primarily composed of nonliving material such as cellulose or chitin. In vertebrates the ECM consists of a complex network including the basement membrane, collage, elastin, proteoglycans and hyaluronan.Extracellular matrix http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/111 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/112 Exosomes are 30-120 nm microvesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types and found in abundance in body fluids, including blood, saliva, urine, and breast milk. They contain various molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including proteins and nucleic acids, and carry this cargo between diverse locations in the body. These microvesicles form by budding into the lumen of the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and are released to extracellular fluids by fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane.Extracellular exosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/466 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/243 The cytoplasm is the content of a cell within the plasma membrane and, in eukaryotics cells, surrounding the nucleus. This three-dimensional, jelly-like lattice interconnects and supports the other solid structures. The cytosol (the soluble portion of the cytoplasm outside the organelles) is mostly composed of water and many low molecular weight compounds. In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm also contains a network of cytoplasmic filaments (cytoskeleton).Cytoplasm The cytosol is the unstructured aqueous phase of the cytoplasm excluding organelles, membranes, and insoluble cytoskeletal components.Cytosol http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/91 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/86 The cell cortex is the cytoplasmic region under the cell membrane.Cell cortex http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/138 The perinuclear region is the cytoplasmic region just around the nucleus.Perinuclear region http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/198 The cytoskeleton is a dynamic three-dimensional filamentous structure in the cytoplasm. Its roles include maintenance of cell shape, cell movement (in eukaryotes), cytokinesis, and the organization of organelles or organelle-like structures within the cell. The cytoskeleton includes microfilaments (actin-like proteins), microtubules (tubulin-like proteins), the intermediate filaments (mostly in eukaryotes) and the MinD-ParA proteins, which appear to be unique to prokaryotes.Cytoskeleton Stress fibers are contractile actomyosin bundles found in non-muscle cells, in eukaryotes, mostly in animals. They are composed of bundles of 10 to 30 actin filaments (microfilaments), crosslinked by alpha-actinin, and non-muscle myosin. They are often anchored to focal adhesions, that connect the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton. Stress fibers play an essential role in cell contractility, governing cell morphology, adhesion, and migration. In non-motile cells, stress fibers are usually thick and relatively stable. By contrast, highly motile cells typically contain fewer, thinner and more dynamic stress fibers. Stress fibers can be divided into at least 4 different categories : dorsal and ventral stress fibers, transverse arcs and the perinuclear actin cap.Stress fiber http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/501 The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) is an intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules.Microtubule organizing center The centrosome is a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) responsible for the nucleation and organisation of microtubules. It is composed of two orthogonally arranged centrioles, each one having a barrel shaped microtubule structure, and their surrounding pericentriolar material (PCM).Centrosome The centriole is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure. A pair of centrioles, embedded in the so-called pericentriolar material, constitute the centrosome, a microtubule organizing center of an eukaryotic cell. Centrioles are barrel-shaped microtubule-based structures organized in a 9-fold radial symmetry. Centriolar microtubule arrays usually consist of triplet microtubules, although doublets or singlets are present in some species. Centrioles are structurally related to (and often interconvertible with) basal bodies, the organelles required for the assembly of a cilium or flagellum.Centriole http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/46 Centriolar satellites are nonmembranous, electron-dense and spherical cytoplasmic granules of about 70-100 nm in diameter, occurring around centrosomes in most vertebrate cell types. They contain a number of centrosomal proteins. Centriolar satellites have the ability to move along microtubules, toward their minus ends, i.e. toward centrosomes. Their number increase during interphase and decrease during mitosis.Centriolar satellite http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/485 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/48 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/484 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/90 The cell membrane is the selectively permeable membrane which separates the cytoplasm from its surroundings. Known as the cell inner membrane in prokaryotes with 2 membranes.Cell membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/39 The outermost side of the cell.Cell surface http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/310 The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle surrounded by double membranes which contains most of the cell's genetic material. It communicates with the surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores.Nucleus The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid contained within the nucleus that surrounds the chromosomes and other subnuclear organelles. A network of fibers known as the nuclear matrix can also be found in the nucleoplasm.Nucleoplasm http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/190 The membrane surrounding the nucleus. This term is used when it is not known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer nuclear membrane.Nucleus membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/182 The nucleolus is a non-membrane bound nuclear compartment found in eukaryotic cells which is the site of ribosome biogenesis. The interphase nucleolus is organized around the tandemly repeated genes for preribosomal RNA (rRNA). It is composed of at least 2 sub-compartments: the dense fibrillar component (DFC, also called pars fibrosa) and the granular component (GC or pars granulosa). The DFC contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA and a collection of proteins; the GC is made up of nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm. In most metazoans, but generally not in lower eukaryotes, a third component, the fibrillar center (FC), can be seen. Plant and animal nuclei can contain more than one nucleolus.Nucleolus http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/188 Nuclear body is a collective term for several nuclear, extra-nucleolar, non-membrane-bound sub-compartments, including, but not limited to Cajal bodies, Gemini of Cajal bodies (gems), nuclear speckles and PML bodies. Nuclear bodies are visible as distinct spots in the nucleoplasm. They can vary in number and size depending on the cell line and the type of nuclear body.Nuclear body The nuclear Cajal bodies (CBs) are small subnuclear membraneless organelles present either free in the nucleoplasm and/or physically associated to specific regions of chromatin. CBs contain newly assembled small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) particles, which are involved in pre-mRNA splicing and in ribosomal RNA processing, respectively. Mammalian nucleus in interphase, show 2-6 CBs, as irregular, punctuate structures, which vary in size and shape and which are often juxtaposed to nucleoli. At the electronic-microscope level, they are composed of heterogeneous mixture of electro-dense particles with diameters ranging from 20-25 nm and are called coiled body. Structures similar to CBs have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus (called sphere organelles) and in insect (called endobodies). CBs are motile and dynamic structures. Both their protein and RNA-protein components can cycle continuously between CBs and other nuclear locations depending on the transcriptional state of the cell.Cajal body http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/31 The PML bodies are dynamic nuclear protein aggregates interspersed between chromatin. These punctate nuclear structures are call PML bodies because the PML gene is essential for their formation. These discrete nuclear foci, 0.2-1.0 micrometer wide, are present in most mammalian cell nuclei and typically number 1 to 30 bodies per nucleus, depending on the cell type, cell-cycle phase and differentiation stage. Recent evidence implies that, although they appear to be uniform, PML-NBs are structurally and functionally heterogeneous and are dynamic structures.PML body http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/465 Gems are nuclear bodies, often found paired or juxtaposed to Cajal bodies, called gems for "gemini of CBs". It is not clear if Cajal bodes and gems are distinct nuclear bodies or if they should be considered as two manifestations of the same structure.Gem http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/127 The nuclear speckles are small subnuclear membraneless organelles or structures, also called the splicing factor (SF) compartments that correspond to nuclear domains located in interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells. Protein found in speckles serves as a reservoir of factors that participate in transcription and pre-mRNA processing. Speckles appear, at the immunofluorescence-microscope level, as irregular, punctuate structures, which vary in size and shape. Usually 25-50 speckles are observed per interphase mammalian nucleus. At the electronic-microscope level, they are composed of heterogeneous mixture of electro-dense particles with diameters ranging from 20-25 nm and are called interchromatin granules clusters (IGCs). Speckles are dynamic structures. Both their protein and RNA-protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations depending on the transcriptional state of the cell. Structures similar to nuclear speckles have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus (called B snurposomes) and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, but not in yeast.Nucleus speckle http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/186 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/494 The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate filament proteins called lamins and lamin-binding proteins that are embedded in the inner nuclear membrane.Nucleus lamina http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/180 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/191The inner membrane of the nucleus is the membrane which separates the nuclear matrix from the intermembrane space. In mammals, the inner nuclear membrane is associated with heterochromatin and the nuclear lamina.Nucleus inner membraneThe outer membrane of the nucleus is the membrane facing the cytoplasm. In mammals, the outer nuclear membrane is continuous in many places with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is dotted with ribosomes.Nucleus outer membrane The mitochondrion is a semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelle that occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. The size and coding capacity of the mitochondrial DNA varies considerably in different organisms, and encodes rRNAs, tRNAs and essential mitochondrial proteins.Mitochondrion The matrix of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane. Several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes.Mitochondrion matrix http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/170 The mitochondrial envelope comprises the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane including the intermembrane space.Mitochondrion envelope The membrane surrounding a mitochondrion. This term is used when it is not known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer mitochondrial membrane.Mitochondrion membrane The outer membrane of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrial membrane facing the cytoplasm.Mitochondrion outer membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/172 The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is the membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.Mitochondrion inner membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/168 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/171 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/167 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/173 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membrane tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products. The membrane is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, it encloses the cytosol cisternal spaces (or internal lumen), which are continuous with the nuclear periplasmic space. The ER sustains many general functions, including protein synthesis, protein modification, protein folding, insertion of membrane proteins, sequestration of calcium, production of phospholipids and steroids and transport of proteins destined for membranes and secretion.Endoplasmic reticulum The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is the portion of the ER which is free of ribosomes.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/248The membrane surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is the portion of the ER which is covered with ribosomes.Rough endoplasmic reticulum http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/235The membrane surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/95The membrane surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of membrane tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products.Endoplasmic reticulum membraneThe membrane surrounding the microsome.Microsome membraneThe membrane surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membraneThe membrane surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened, cisternal membranes and similar vesicles usually arranged in close apposition to each other to form stacks. In mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar. The stacks are connected laterally by tubules to create a perinuclear ribbon structure, the 'Golgi ribbon'. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi is a polarized structure with, in most higher eukaryotic cells, a cis-face associated with a tubular reticular network of membranes facing the endoplasmic reticulum, the cis-Golgi network (CGN), a medial area of disk-shaped flattened cisternae, and a trans-face associated with another tubular reticular membrane network, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) directed toward the plasma membrane and compartments of the endocytic pathway. The Golgi apparatus receives the entire output of de novo synthesized polypeptides from the ER, and functions to posttranslationally process and sort them within vesicles destined to their proper final destination (e.g. plasma membrane, endosomes, lysosomes).Golgi apparatus The trans-Golgi network is a highly dynamic series of interconnected tubules and vesicles at the trans face of the Golgi stack. The trans-Golgi network functions in the processing and sorting of glycoproteins and glycolipids at the interface of the biosynthetic and endosomal pathways. The generation and maintenance of apical and basolateral membranes rely on sorting events that occur in the TGN.trans-Golgi network http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/266The membrane surrounding the trans-Golgi network.trans-Golgi network membrane The Golgi stack consist of a series of flattened curved and parallel series saccules, called cisternae or dictyosomes, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.Golgi stack http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/135The membrane surrounding the Golgi stack.Golgi stack membrane The cis-Golgi network is an extensive tubulovesicular network bound to the cis face of the Golgi stack and which function is to receive process the biosynthetic output from the ER.cis-Golgi network http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/67The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network.cis-Golgi network membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/132The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network.cis-Golgi network membraneThe membrane surrounding the Golgi apparatus.Golgi apparatus membraneThe membrane surrounding the Golgi stack.Golgi stack membraneThe membrane surrounding the trans-Golgi network.trans-Golgi network membrane A cell projection is a cell protrusion such as pseudopodium, filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum, acrosome, axon, or bacterial comet tail. These membrane-cytoskeleton-coupled processes are involved in many biological functions, such as cell motility, cancer-cell invasion, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pathogen infection, neurite extension and cytokinesis.Cell projection The podosome is a ring-like cell protrusion which mediates cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Podosomes are composed of an actin-bundle core, flanked by a ring containing adhesion proteins connected to the core via dome-like radial actin fibers. Podosomes are rich in actin filaments, matrix-degrading enzymes, focal adhesion molecules and molecules involved in vesicle trafficking. These structures protrudes into the extracellular matrix and are essential for invasion and metastasis. Classical podosomes are highly dynamic structures formed by cell types of monocytic origin, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts.Podosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/295 The filopodium is a thin, tubular, finger-like cell protrusion filled with straight bundled, crosslinked actin filaments having their barbed ends directed towards the cell membrane. Filopodium are observed at the advancing front of the migrating cell and are implicated in cell motility as well as in cell-substrate adhesion. Filopodia explore the environment and form nascent adhesive structures in response to external signaling cues. These long and highly dynamic protrusions, which can extend and retract, are involved in mesenchymal migration. They are observed in many cell types, such as amoebae, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and in neurite growth cones.Filopodium http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/286 The invadopodium is a localized and persitent cell protrusion similar to the highly dynamic podosome, but larger. These structures protrudes into the extracellular matrix. Invadopodial protrusions are enriched in integrins, tyrosine kinase signaling machinery, soluble and membrane proteases including matrix metalloproteases, actin and actin-associated proteins. Essential for physiological and pathological cell invasion and metastasis these structures are involved in focalized degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invadopodia form underneath the cell body, often close to the nucleus and proximal to the Golgi complex, and are rarely found at the cell periphery. Their half-life is quite extended. As invadopodia and podosomes are similar in appearance, location and composition, it is likely that a thin line separates these two entities in time and function.Invadopodium http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/148 The cilium is a cell surface projection found at the surface of a large proportion of eukaryotic cells. The two basic types of cilia, motile (alternatively named flagella) and non-motile, collectively perform a wide variety of functions broadly encompassing cell/fluid movement and sensory perception. Their most prominent structural component is the axoneme which consists of nine doublet microtubules, with all motile cilia - except those at the embryonic node - containing an additional central pair of microtubules. The axonemal microtubules of all cilia nucleate and extend from a basal body, a centriolar structure most often composed of a radial array of nine triplet microtubules. In most cells, basal bodies associate with cell membranes and cilia are assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed compartments.Cilium The basal body is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure required for the formation of cilia. Basal bodies, structuraly related to and often interconvertible with centrioles, serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth.Cilium basal body http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/87 The cilium axoneme is the most prominent structural component of the cilium. It consists of nine doublet microtubules, with all motile cilia - except those at the embryonic node - containing an additional central pair of microtubules. The axonemal microtubules of all cilia nucleate and extend from a basal body, a centriolar structure most often composed of a radial array of nine triplet microtubules. In most cells, basal bodies associate with cell membranes and cilia are assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed compartments.Cilium axoneme http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/304 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/66 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/280 The hydrogenosome is a redox organelle of anaerobic unicellular eukaryotes which contains hydrogenase and produces hydrogen and ATP by glycolysis. They are found in various unrelated eukaryotes, such as anaerobic flagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and ciliates. Most hydrogenosomes lack a genome, but some like that of the anaerobic ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis, have retained a rudimentary genome.Hydrogenosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/145The membrane surrounding the hydrogenosome, a redox organelle found in anaerobic unicellular eukaryotes.Hydrogenosome membrane The peroxisome is a small eukaryotic organelle limited by a single membrane, specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions. Contains mainly peroxidases, several other oxidases and catalase. The catalase regulates the contents of the produced toxic hydrogen peroxide thus protecting the cell. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is another major function of peroxisomes. In plants and fungi this degradation occurs only in this cellular compartment.Peroxisome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/204The membrane surrounding the the glycosome, a specialized peroxisome found in all members of the protist order Kinetoplastida examined.Glycosome membraneThe membrane surrounding the glyoxysome, a plant peroxisome, especially found in germinating seeds, involved in the breakdown and conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate bypass.Glyoxysome membraneThe membrane surrounding a peroxysome.Peroxisome membrane The melanosome is a melanin-containing organelle found in melanocytes and melanophores. Fish and amphibians possess specialized cells, called melanophores, which contain hundreds of melanin-filled pigment granules, termed melanosomes. The sole function of these cells is pigment aggregation in the center of the cell or dispersion throughout the cytoplasm. This alternative transport of pigment allows the animal to effect color changes important for camouflage and social interactions. Melanophores transport their pigment in response to extracellular cues: neurotransmitters in the case of fish and hormonal stimuli in the case of frogs. In both cases, melanosome dispersion is induced by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, while aggregation is triggered by depression of cAMP. The regulatory mechanisms downstream of these second-messengers are poorly understood. Mammalian melanocytes also produce melanosomes but, unlike melanophores, pigment in these cells is transported to the cell periphery for subsequent exocytosis to surrounding epithelial cells.Melanosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/161The membrane surrounding a melanosome.Melanosome membrane The organellar chromatophore is the photosynthetic inclusion found in Paulinella species, which are photosynthetic thecate amoeba. It probably derives from a different endosymbiotic event than that which led to all other plastids. Houses the machinery necessary for photosynthesis and CO(2) fixation and may also be able to make a few amino acids, some fatty acids and a few cofactors. They are surrounded by 2 membranes, between which is found a residual peptidoglycan wall, and contain thylakoids.Organellar chromatophore http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/351One of the membranes of an organellar chromatophore. This term is used when it is not known with which membrane (outer membrane, inner membrane or thylakoid) a protein is associated. Found exclusively in Paulinella species, which are photosynthetic thecate amoeba.Organellar chromatophore membraneThe organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane is an internal system of interconnected membranes that house the complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Found exclusively in Paulinella species, which are photosynthetic thecate amoeba.Organellar chromatophore thylakoid membraneThe organellar chromatophore inner membrane is the membrane which separates the chromatophore stroma from the intermembrane space. Found exclusively in Paulinella species, which are photosynthetic thecate amoeba.Organellar chromatophore inner membraneThe organellar chromatophore outer membrane is the organellar chromatophore membrane facing the cytoplasm. Found exclusively in Paulinella species, which are photosynthetic thecate amoeba.Organellar chromatophore outer membrane A contractile vacuole (CV) complex is a membrane-bound osmoregulatory organelle of fresh water and soil amoebae and protozoa which segregates excess cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, and expel it to the cell exterior, so that the cytosolic osmolarity is kept constant under a given osmotic condition. Depending on the organism, the CV complex (CVC) shows different degrees of specialization of its tubular and vesicular elements. In the most elaborate CVCs of certain ciliates, e.g. Paramecium, a central vacuole, the contractile vacuole or cisterna, is surrounded by radially oriented ampullae or radial arms. These ampullae are connected to a network of channels. Excess cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, is segregated by the radial arms and enters the vacuole, so that the vacuole swells (the fluid-filling phase). The vacuole then rounds (the rounding phase) and the radial arms sever from the vacuole. The vacuole membrane then fuses with the plasma membrane at the pore region and the pore opens. The vacuole shrinks as its fluid is discharged through the pore (the fluid-discharging phase). The pore closes when the fluid has been discharged. The radial arms then reattach to the vacuole, so that the vacuole swells again as the fluid enters from the arms (the next fluid-filling phase).Contractile vacuole http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/73The membrane surrounding a contractile vacuole. A contractile vacuole (CV) complex is a membrane-bound osmoregulatory organelle of fresh water and soil amoebae and protozoa which segregates excess cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, and expel it to the cell exterior, so that the cytosolic osmolarity is kept constant under a given osmotic condition.Contractile vacuole membrane The autophagosome is a double membrane vesicle involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins, unnecessary or damaged organelles as well as other cellular constituents such as lipids or carbohydrates. Crescent-shape isolation membranes or phagophores can sequester cytoplasm and organelles giving rise to autophagosomes. The outer membrane of the autophagosomes then fuse with vacuoles and/or lysosomes and the inner membrane vesicles (termed autophagic bodies) are released into the vacuole/lysosome lumen. These vesicles are then lysed and the contents are degraded by resident hydrolases.Autophagosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/23The membrane surrounding the autophagosome.Autophagosome membrane COPI-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the cis-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, mediate traffic from the cis-Golgi back to the ER (retrograde), and govern the flow pattern of materials within the Golgi stack. COPI is composed of the coatomer, which is a seven-subunit protein complex that participates in the formation of Golgi-derived coated vesicles. Evidence has also been presented for anterograde intra-Golgi transport mediated by COPI in yeast and mammals.COPI-coated vesicle http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/75The membrane surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle. COPI-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the cis-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, mediate traffic from the cis-Golgi back to the ER (retrograde), and govern the flow pattern of materials within the Golgi stack. COPI is composed of the coatomer, which is a seven-subunit protein complex that participates in the formation of Golgi-derived coated vesicles. Evidence has also been presented for anterograde intra-Golgi transport mediated by COPI in yeast and mammals.COPI-coated vesicle membrane COPII-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPII-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the endoplasmic reticulum be involved in the anterograde transport between the ER to Golgi and travel toward the Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, where they fuse and release their contents (anterograde transport). The COPII coat has five main functional components that are highly conserved in all eukaryotic cells.COPII-coated vesicle http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/77The membrane surrounding a COPII-coated vesicle. COPII-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPII-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the endoplasmic reticulum be involved in the anterograde transport between the ER to Golgi and travel toward the Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, where they fuse and release their contents (anterograde transport). The COPII coat has five main functional components that are highly conserved in all eukaryotic cells.COPII-coated vesicle membrane P-bodies are dynamic non-membrane bound cytoplasmic structures. These discrete foci function in mRNA decay (decapping and breakdown), RNA-mediated gene silencing (microRNA and siRNA-based gene silencing), mRNA surveillance (or quality control) and translational control. In addition to being sites of mRNA degradation, P-bodies can temporarily sequester mRNAs away from the translation machinery. P-bodies are present in unstressed cells, but are further induced in response to various stresses.P-body http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/230 The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is a collection of tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity of ER exit sites. The ERGIC mediates transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi and is the first anterograde/retrograde sorting station in the secretory pathway. ERGIC has not been observed in yeast and plants.Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/98The membrane surrounding the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, which is a collection of tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity of ER exit sites.Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane Endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in transport within the cell, they receive endocytosed cell membrane molecules and sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the cell surface. They also receive newly synthesised proteins destined for vacuolar/lysosomal compartments. In certain cell types, endosomal multivesicular bodies may fuse with the cell surface in an exocytic manner. These released vesicles are called exosomes.Endosome Late endosomes are pleiomorphic with cisternal, tubular and multivesicular regions. They are found in juxtanuclear regions and concentrated at the microtubule organizing center. They are an important sorting station in the endocytic pathway. Recycling to the plasma membrane and to the Golgi occurs in late endosomes. More acidic than early endosomes they are also loaded more slowly in a range of 4 to 30 minutes depending on the cell type. They can be distinguished from lysosome for their enrichment in M6PR.Late endosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/152The membrane surrounding the late endosomes.Late endosome membrane Early endosomes form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the cortical cytoplasm of the cell. Early endosomes are the primary sorting station in the endocytic pathway from which endocytosed molecules can be recycled back to the cell membrane or targeted to degradation in the lysosomes. Loaded by endocytosed molecules in 1 to 4 minutes, their acidic luminal pH around 6.0 allows ligand release from recycling receptors.Early endosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/94The membrane surrounding the early endosomes, which form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the cortical cytoplasm of the cell.Early endosome membrane The multivesicular bodies are a type of late endosome containing internal vesicles formed following the inward budding of the outer endosomal membrane. The contents of the MVBs are then released into the lysosome lumen. The proteins found in the limiting membrane of MVBs are recycled to other compartments.Multivesicular body http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/174The membrane surrounding the multivesicular bodies.Multivesicular body membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/101The membrane surrounding the endosome. Endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in transport within the cell, they receive endocytosed cell membrane molecules and sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the cell surface.Endosome membraneThe membrane surrounding the late endosomes.Late endosome membraneThe membrane surrounding the recycling endosomes.Recycling endosome membraneThe membrane surrounding the early endosomes, which form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the cortical cytoplasm of the cell.Early endosome membraneThe membrane surrounding the multivesicular bodies.Multivesicular body membrane The caveola is a small (apparently) uncoated pit mostly found in the cell membrane of many highly differentiated mammalian cells, such as adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. These flask-shaped invaginations are defined by the presence of caveolins and contains a subset of lipid-raft components, including cholesterol and sphingolipids. Caveolae each comprise a caveolar bulb with a diameter of 60-80 nm, connected to an opening of fairly constant diameter. Caveolae might exists as single pits or can form a cluster of caveolae with non-caveolar membrane between the pits. In many tissues, and particularly in adipocytes, multiple caveolae are arranged around a central vacuolar domain. In developing muscle fibres, multiple caveolae are connected by a single neck to the cell membrane, producing large chains of interconnected caveolae. Another structural feature of caveolae in certain endothelia is the presence of a stomatal diaphragm, which consists of a central density and radial spikes, in the neck of the caveolae. Mature caveolae might be assembled in the Golgi apparatus. Caveolae can flatten out into the cell membrane, thereby loosing their caveolar identity.Caveola http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/35 Clathrin coated vesicles (CCVs) mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins between organelles in the post-Golgi network connecting the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, lysosomes and the cell membrane. CCVs that bud from the cell membrane reveal a striking polyhedral pattern reminiscent of a fullerene which arises from the outermost protein in the coat, clathrin. Clathrin assembles from three-legged individual components called triskelions to form a polygonal lattice around the vesicle. Clathrin is a large heterohexameric protein complex composed of three heavy chains and three light chains. Clathrin molecules self-assemble together to make a spherical clathrin lattice structure, a polyhedron made of regular pentagons and hexagons. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. The connection of the clathrin scaffold to the membrane is mediated by clathrin adaptors, which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are a stoichiometric coat component of CCVs alongside clathrin itself, and are considered a major clathrin adaptor contributing the CCV formation.Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin coated vesicles (CCVs) mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins between organelles in the post-Golgi network connecting the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, lysosomes and the cell membrane. CCVs that bud from the cell membrane reveal a striking polyhedral pattern reminiscent of a fullerene which arises from the outermost protein in the coat, clathrin. Clathrin assembles from three-legged individual components called triskelions to form a polygonal lattice around the vesicle. Clathrin is a large heterohexameric protein complex composed of three heavy chains and three light chains. Clathrin molecules self-assemble together to make a spherical clathrin lattice structure, a polyhedron made of regular pentagons and hexagons. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. The connection of the clathrin scaffold to the membrane is mediated by clathrin adaptors, which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are a stoichiometric coat component of CCVs alongside clathrin itself, and are considered a major clathrin adaptor contributing the CCV formation.Clathrin-coated vesicle http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/70The membrane surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV). CCVs mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins between organelles in the post-Golgi network connecting the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, lysosomes and the cell membrane. CCVs that bud from the cell membrane reveal a striking polyhedral pattern reminiscent of a fullerene which arises from the outermost protein in the coat, clathrin. Clathrin assembles from three-legged individual components called triskelions to form a polygonal lattice around the vesicle. Clathrin is a large heterohexameric protein complex composed of three heavy chains and three light chains. Clathrin molecules self-assemble together to make a spherical clathrin lattice structure, a polyhedron made of regular pentagons and hexagons. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. The connection of the clathrin scaffold to the membrane is mediated by clathrin adaptors, which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are a stoichiometric coat component of CCVs alongside clathrin itself, and are considered a major clathrin adaptor contributing the CCV formation.Clathrin-coated vesicle membrane http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/70The membrane surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV). CCVs mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins between organelles in the post-Golgi network connecting the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, lysosomes and the cell membrane. CCVs that bud from the cell membrane reveal a striking polyhedral pattern reminiscent of a fullerene which arises from the outermost protein in the coat, clathrin. Clathrin assembles from three-legged individual components called triskelions to form a polygonal lattice around the vesicle. Clathrin is a large heterohexameric protein complex composed of three heavy chains and three light chains. Clathrin molecules self-assemble together to make a spherical clathrin lattice structure, a polyhedron made of regular pentagons and hexagons. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. The connection of the clathrin scaffold to the membrane is mediated by clathrin adaptors, which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are a stoichiometric coat component of CCVs alongside clathrin itself, and are considered a major clathrin adaptor contributing the CCV formation.Clathrin-coated vesicle membrane Coated pits are regions of the donor membrane where the assembly of the vesicle coat take place. The coat assembles from soluble protomers such as coat protein complex-I and coat protein complex-II. The components of the coat often define the intracellular sorting station, and contribute to both membrane deformation and local movement of the resulting transport intermediate following scission. During the first steps of the vesicle-mediated membrane transport, coated pits are internalized to form coated vesicles which transport proteins between distinct membrane-bound organelles.Coated pit Coated pits are regions of the cell membrane specialized in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Their cytoplasmic surface is coated with a bristlelike structure made of clathrin. During the first steps of endocytosis, clathrin-coated pits are internalized to form clathrin-coated vesicles which transport proteins from organelle to organelle.Clathrin-coated pit http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/69 http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/72 The lysosome is a membrane-limited organelle present in all eukaryotic cells, which contains a large number of hydrolytic enzymes that are used for degrading almost any kind of cellular constituent, including entire organelles. The mechanisms responsible for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to the lysosome/vacuole are known collectively as autophagy and play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis.Lysosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/158The cytolytic granule membrane is the membrane surrounding a cytolytic granule.Cytolytic granule membraneThe membrane surrounding a lysosome.Lysosome membrane Cup-shaped invaginations of the cell membrane that subsequently close at their distal margins to form phagosomes during phagocytosis. By progression of its rim along the particle surface, this phagocytic cup envelops and eventually encloses the particle by separation of the phagosome membrane from the cell membrane. Filamentous actin accumulates between the outer and inner leaflet of the cup membrane and is most strongly enriched at the rim of the cup, the site of its protrusion.Phagocytic cup http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/473 The phagosome is a phagocytic cell-specific compartment. These large endocytic membrane-bound vesicles form upon ingestion by the cell of extracellular materials.Phagosome http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/206The membrane surrounding a phagosome.Phagosome membrane Focal adhesions are sites of tightest adhesion made to the underlying extracellular matrix by cells in culture. They serve a structural role, linking the ECM on the outside to the actin cytoskeleton on the inside. In addition, they are sites of signal transduction, initiating signaling pathways in response to adhesion. Focal adhesions are formed around a transmembrane core of an alpha-beta integrin heterodimer, which binds to a component of the extracellular matrix on its extracellular region, constitutes the site of anchorage of the actin cytoskeleton to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and mediates various intracellular signaling pathways.Focal adhesion http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/118 The lipid droplet is a dynamic cytoplasmic organelle which consists of an heterogeneous macromolecular assembly of lipids and proteins covered by a unique phospholipid monolayer. Lipid droplets may play a role in lipid metabolism and storage, and they may be involved in the regulation of intracellular trafficking and signal transduction.Lipid droplet http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/154 A chromaffin granule is a specialized secretory vesicle characteristic of chromaffin cells.Chromaffin granule http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/61The chromaffin granule membrane is the membrane surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle characteristic of chromaffin cells.Chromaffin granule membrane Protein found in or associated with cytoplasmic granules.Cytoplasmic granule http://purl.uniprot.org/locations/281The membrane surrounding a cytoplasmic granule.Cytoplasmic granule membrane Philippe Le Mercier Animal cell
Cytoplasm

Structure
3D-structure